Environmental Sustainability : Scrutinizing the State of States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2024/v13i1/173412Keywords:
Environmental Sustainability
, Principal Component Analysis, Pollution and Waste, Sustainable Development.JEL Classification Codes
, O1, Q56, Q53, Q01Paper Submission Date
, August 10, 2023, Paper sent back for Revision, December 21, Paper Acceptance Date, February 10, 2024Abstract
Purpose : Environmental sustainability has become the most pressing worry for humanity as a result of the race for development’s detrimental impacts on the environment. The current study aimed to assess the major Indian states’ environmental quality.
Methodology : The 2019–2021 environmental health status was evaluated in this paper. By using principal component analysis (PCA), four composite indexes have been created. Borda’s rule is utilized to calculate the composite environmental quality score (CEQS) based on rankings of sub-indices. Spearman’s rank correlation has been calculated in order to investigate the relationship between the level of development and environmental sustainability.
Findings : Himachal Pradesh and Goa are the only states that have performed consistently well in all sub-indices and thus achieved the top badge in the overall environmental quality category. The states of Assam, Manipur, and Tripura in the Northeast have done a good job of conserving their resources. The four states with the lowest environmental quality were Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Delhi. According to the report, states with more development are grouped with those that have more environmental damage.
Practical Implications : In order to create a sustainable and environmentally friendly future, the research recommended that governmental policies incorporate sustainable practices with the goal of striking a balance between environmental concerns and economic realities.
Originality : In contrast to other research, this study looked at disaggregated data and ranked the major Indian states based on how well they performed in terms of environmental sustainability and looked at the relationship between that performance and development level. PCA and cluster analysis are used in this research.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Adhikary, M., & Hajra, C. (2021). Environmental Kuznets curve: A revisit in the case of SAARC. In, A. Kateja, & R. Jain (eds.), Urban Growth and Environmental Issues in India. Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4273-9_9
Al Asbahi, A. A., Gang, F. Z., Iqbal, W., Abass, Q., Mohsin, M., & Iram, R. (2019). Novel approach of principal component analysis method to assess the national energy performance via Energy Trilemma Index. Energy Reports, 5, 704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.06.009
Almeida, T. A., Cruz, L., Barata, E., & GarcÃa-Sánchez, I.-M. (2017). Economic growth and environmental impacts: An analysis based on a composite index of environmental damage. Ecological Indicators, 76, 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.028
Amicarelli, V., Tricase, C., Spada, A., & Bux, C. (2021). Households' food waste behavior at local scale: A cluster analysis after the COVID-19 lockdown. Sustainability, 13(6), 3283. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063283
Arora, S. S., & Swain, S. R. (2020). Will Delhi be habitable in the future? Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 9(4), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2020/v9i4/156809
Choi, J., Park, Y. S., & Park, J. D. (2015). Development of an aggregate air quality index using a PCA-based method : A case study of the US transportation sector. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 5, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2015.52007
Cui, Y., Hens, L., Zhu, Y., & Zhao, J. (2004). Environmental sustainability index of Shandong Province, China. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 11(3), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500409469827
Fakher, H. A., Panahi, M., Emami, K., Peykarjou, K., & Zeraatkish, S. Y. (2021). New insight into examining the role of financial development in economic growth effect on a composite environmental quality index. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(43), 61096–61114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15047-2
Goodland, R. (1995). The concept of environmental sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.000245
Jain, N., & Mohapatra, G. (2023). A comparative assessment of composite environmental sustainability index for emerging economies: A multidimensional approach. Management of Environmental Quality, 34(5), 1314–1331. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2022-0330
Jha, R., & Murthy, K. V. (2003). An inverse global environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(2), 352–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-5967(03)00042-8
Jolliffe, I. (2011). Principal component analysis. In, M. Lovric (eds.), International Encyclopedia of statistical science (pp. 1094–1096). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_455
Khatun, T. (2009). Measuring environmental degradation by using principal component analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11(2), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9123-2
Lamichhane, S., EÄŸilmez, G., Gedik, R., Bhutta, M. K., & Erenay, B. (2021). Benchmarking OECD countries' sustainable development performance: A goal-specific principal component analysis approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 287, 125040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125040
Latif, N. (2022). Comprehensive environmental performance index (CEPI): An intuitive indicator to evaluate the environmental quality over time. Environmental Research Communications, 4(7), 075016. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac8338
Mesagan, E. P., & Nwachukwu, M. I. (2018). Determinants of environmental quality in Nigeria : Assessing the role of financial development. Econometric Research in Finance, 3(1), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.33119/ERFIN.2018.3.1.3
Morelli, J. (2011). Environmental sustainability: A definition for environmental professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 1(1), Article 2. https://repository.rit.edu/jes/vol1/iss1/2
Mukherjee, S., & Kathuria, V. (2006). Is economic growth sustainable? Environmental Quality of Indian States Post 1991. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1020544
Murthy, K. V., & Gambhir, S. (2018). Analyzing environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in India in the context of domestic and global policy change. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 12(2), 134–156. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v12i2.9
Nag, A., & Chowdhary, R. (2019). Adoption and diffusion of solar products in Indore: A study on barriers for non-adoption of solar energy systems in domestic households. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 12(3), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i3/142338
OECD. (2008). Handbook on constructing composite indicators: Methodology and user guide. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264043466-en
Pal, D., & Mitra, S. K. (2017). The environmental Kuznets curve for carbon dioxide in India and China: Growth and pollution at crossroad. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(2), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.03.005
Ramesh, D. A., Muthukrishnan, L., Balamurugan, S., Karthi, N., & Dhivya, S. (2021). Ecosystem assessment for sustainable management: A case study of Coringa Mangroves, Andhra Pradesh, India. Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 10(2–3), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2021/v10i2-3/167171
Saarangapani, B., & Sripathi, K. (2015). Environmental degradation in India - Dimensions and concerns: A review. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 8(4), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2015/v8i4/63821
Shah, S. A., Zhou, P., Walasai, G. D., & Mohsin, M. (2019). Energy security and environmental sustainability index of South Asian countries: A composite index approach. Ecological Indicators, 106, 105507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105507
Singh, A. K., Issac, J., & Narayanan, K. G. (2019). Measurement of environmental sustainability index and its association with socio-economic indicators in selected Asian economies: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 18(1), 57–100. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2019.098641
Singh, A. K., Jyoti, B., Kumar, S., & Lenka, S. K. (2021). Assessment of global sustainable development, environmental sustainability, economic development and social development index in selected economies. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 16(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160113
Singh, R. K., Murty, H. R., Gupta, S. K., & Dikshit, A. K. (2009). An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies. Ecological Indicators, 9(2), 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.05.011
Singh, S. P., Sajnani, M., & Arora, G. K. (2023). Circular economy of tourism in Delhi. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 16(12), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2023/v16i12/173246
Sinha, A., & Bhatt, M. Y. (2017). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 and NOx emissions: A case study of India. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(1), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2017.v6n1p267
Tanguay, G. A., Rajaonson, J., Lefebvre, J.-F., & Lanoie, P. (2010). Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators, 10(2), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.07.013
United Nations. (1987). Our common future: Report of the World Commission on environment and development. http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm
Vyas, S., & Kumaranayake, L. (2006). Constructing socio-economic status indices: How to use principal components analysis. Health Policy and Planning, 21(6), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czl029
Wolf, M. J., Emerson, J. W., Esty, D. C., de Sherbinin, A., & Wendling, Z. A. (2022). 2022 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) results. Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. https://epi.yale.edu/
Zani, S., & Cerioli, A. (2007). Data analysis and data mining for business decisions (pp. 183–260). Giuffrè.
