New AIJER now accepts submissions exclusively via the Editorial Scholar portal — a dedicated submission & review system.
Go to Editorial Scholar →
Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd. | COPE Member
UGC-CARE Group I Google Scholar |
Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research logo

Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research

ISSN: 2278-1811 Frequency: Quarterly Peer Review: Double-blind Published since: 2012 Language: English
A publication of AMCPL
amcon.co.in
New Delhi, India
Indexed in: UGC-CARE Group I Google Scholar J-Gate

Working as a Domestic Maid : Survival Strategy for Poor Women

Open Access Original Article

Working as a Domestic Maid : Survival Strategy for Poor Women

Sonia Goel1,  Suvojit Lahiri Chakravarty2

1 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, University Enclave, Delhi - 110 007

2 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Aryabhatta College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi - 110 021

Volume 12
Issue 3
Pages 8–20
Year 2023
Received: May 18, 2023 Accepted: Aug. 25, 2023 Published: Sept. 30, 2023
Abstract

Purpose : Since many domestic maids lost their employment and their houses became uncomfortable, it became crucial to comprehend their lives and the negative effects of the coronavirus pandemic. In this context, we discussed the difficulties faced by domestic workers during the lockdown and how, in the end, their employment provided a means of protection from verbal and physical abuse.

Methodology : Using data from a primary survey of married working women as part-time maids in the urban informal sector in a colony in West Delhi, this paper discussed survival strategies for poor domestic maids in general and during the coronavirus pandemic in particular. The study adopted simple convenience sampling, deemed suitable to minimize and control the bias. For the study, we floated a structured questionnaire and received 129 responses.

Findings : Although the benefits did not reach the general public, the policy of transferring cash to the Jan Dhan account during COVID-19 was a positive step. While the maids were grateful for the wheat and rice they got during COVID-19, the ration quality was appalling. Third, the issue of physical and verbal abuse was widely prevalent during COVID-19 times as the spouses knew there would be no serious repercussions or punishments for the same.

Practical Implications : For the benefits to reach the underprivileged appropriately, emphasis should be placed on the policies' effective implementation. Workers in the informal sector must find ways to deal with the issues they encounter daily because they cannot.

Originality : We were unaware of any research that explicitly looked at the working circumstances for part-time domestic servants after the pandemic, both generally and in detail.

Keywords Domestic Maids Coronavirus Pandemic Survival Strategy Financial Independence Working Conditions Informal Sector
How to Cite

Sonia Goel, Suvojit Lahiri Chakravarty (2023). Working as a Domestic Maid : Survival Strategy for Poor Women. Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 12(3), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2023/v12i3/173258

References
  1. Andriamahery, A., & Qamruzzaman, M. (2022). Do access to finance, technical know-how, and financial literacy offer women empowerment through women’s entrepreneurial development? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 776844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.776844
  2. Arora, S., & Majumder, M. (2021). Where is my home? : Gendered precarity and the experience of COVID-19 among women migrant workers from Delhi and National Capital Region, India. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(S2), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12700
  3. Chakraborty, S. (2020). COVID-19 and women informal sector workers in India. Economic & Political Weekly, 55(35),17–21. https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/35/commentary/covid-19-and-women-informal-sector-workers-india.html
  4. Chakraborty, D., & Altekar, S. (2021). Work from Home (WFH), COVID-19, and its impact on women. Prabhandan: Indian Journal of Management, 14(9), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2021/v14i9/166294
  5. Colovic, A., & Mehrotra, S. (2020). Lifelong activism and women’s entrepreneurship: How a social movement organization improves conditions for self-employed women in India. European Business Review, 32(5), 937–958. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-09-2019-0215
  6. Deshpande, A. (2022). The Covid-19 pandemic and gendered division of paid work, domestic chores and leisure: Evidence from India’s first wave. Economia Politica, 39(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00235-7
  7. Dogra, B. (2021). Providing relief to domestic workers. Economic & Political Weekly, 56(35). https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/35/letters/providing-relief-domestic-workers.html
  8. Dogra, P., & Kaushal, A. (2022). Underlying the triple burden effects on women educationists due to COVID-19. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10645-6
  9. EPW Engage. (2020, April 17). COVID-19, domestic abuse and violence: Where do Indian women stand? Economic & Political Weekly (Engage). https://www.epw.in/engage/article/covid-19-domestic-abuse-and-violence-where-do
  10. Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M., & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid care work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes. OECD Development Centre. https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
  11. Fish, J. N. (2017). Domestic workers of the world unite! : A global movement for dignity and human rights. Women’s & Gender Studies Faculty Books, 8. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/womensstudies_books/8
  12. Giribabu, M. (2021). National rural livelihood mission and women empowerment in Nagaland: An approach based village study. Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 10(4), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2021/v10i4/168222
  13. Government of India, Ministry of Labour & Employment. (2016). National Classification of Occupations - 2015. https://www.ncs.gov.in/documents/national%20classification%20of%20occupations%20_vol%20i-%202015.pdf
  14. Gupta, S., Das, D., Bhattacharya, S. K., & Gupta, S. S. (2022). How Covid-19 affected the work prospects and healthcare-seeking of women domestic workers in Kolkata city, India? A longitudinal study. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 26(3), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_346_21
  15. Hafeez, A., Shaikh, S. S., & Qureshi, Z. A. (2020). Measuring female contribution in urban poverty reduction: A perspective from the informal sector. International Research Journal of Arts and Humanities (IRJAH), 48, 137–153.
  16. International Labour Organization. (ILO). (2018, April 30). Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture (3rd edition). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf
  17. Jariwala, H. V., & Dziegielewski, S. F. (2017). Pathway to financial success: Autonomy through financial education in India. Journal of Social Service Research, 43(3), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2016.1217581
  18. Jha, P., Sinha, N., & Varma, N. (2019). Introduction to servants pasts (Vol. 1). Orient Blackswan.
  19. John, M. (2019). The world of domestic workers. Economic & Political Weekly, 54(38). https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/38/book-reviews/world-domestic-workers.html
  20. Johnson, S., Selvaraj, S., & Sakthivelrani, S. (2016). Financial literacy and its effect on economic empowerment among self-help group women members. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3000298
  21. Kodandarama, C. (2018). Women domestic workers in India: An analysis. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), 8(1), 1–5.
  22. Kotikula, A., Hill, R., & Raza, W. A. (2019). What works for working women? Unpacking the constraints on female labour force participation in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 42(2/3), 173–216. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27031111
  23. Krishnakumar, A., & Verma, S. (2021). Understanding domestic violence in India during COVID-19: A routine activity approach. Asian Journal of Criminology, 16(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-020-09340-1
  24. McQuigg, R. J. A. (2011). International human rights law and domestic violence: The effectiveness of international human rights law (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203819289
  25. Milward, R. (1982). An economic analysis of the organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe. The Journal of Economic History, 42(3), 513–548. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700027947
  26. Mishra, M., & Majumdar, P. (2020). Social distancing during COVID-19: Will it change the Indian society? Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063420935547
  27. Mitra, A. (2020). Informal sector in India: Migration and poverty implications. Regional Economic Development Research, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.37256/redr.112020153
  28. Mukherjee, P., Roy, A. S., Bandyopadhyay, A., & Gangopadhyay, S. (2019). Occupational stress among house maids of Kolkata, India. Journal of Human Ergology, 48(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.11183/jhe.48.1_1
  29. Nigam, S. (2020). COVID-19, lockdown and violence against women in homes. Available at SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3587399
  30. Pophale, N. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic situation on maids in Mumbai. Available at SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3831038
  31. Priyadharshini, K. (2019). The black maid’s voice in Kathryn Stockett’s the help. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 6(3), 562–565.
  32. Sahu, S. (2019). The contemporary issues of food security of the Bhuiya of Jharkhand. Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 8(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2019/v8i1/142713
  33. Saldanha, A. (2017, October 1). The world of India’s domestic workers. The Week. https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/the-world-of-indias-domestic-violence.html
  34. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Anchor Books. https://fs2.american.edu/dfagel/www/Philosophers/Sen/DevelopmentAsFreedomIntroNch1NEW. pdf
  35. Singh, P., & Pattanaik, F. (2020). Unfolding unpaid domestic work in India: Women’s constraints, choices, and career. Palgrave Communications, 6, Article 111. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0488-2
  36. Sonam, Aggarwal, S., & Bhushan, V. (2019). Impact analysis of the SHG-bank linkage model on empowerment of women in Dehradun. Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 8(3), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2019/v8i3/146034
  37. Suresha, K. P. (2020). Socio-economic status of women workers in unorganised sector: Issues and challenges. Research Review, International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 5(1), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3784726
  38. Thakur, S. (2022). Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Analyzing performance using financial inclusion indicators. Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 11(2), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2022/v11i2/172211
  39. Vasanthi, N. (2011). Addressing paid domestic work: A public policy concern. Economic & Political Weekly, 46(43), 85–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23047762
  40. Vijaykumar, N. V., & Naidu, G. J. (2018). Microfinance training: A magic wand to achieve financial literacy. Arthshastra Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 7(2), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2018/v7i2/125144
  41. World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240022256
Editorial Scholar

Submit your Research to AIJER

Submit your Manuscript → Author Guidelines